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John Clifford Shaw Papers,
1933-1993 |
Extent and Forms of Material: 20.5 cubic feet: (65 boxes,
4 oversize folders)
Creator: John Clifford Shaw
Abstract: The John Clifford Shaw Papers contain reports, research
notes, correspondence, memorandum, and diagrams documenting Shaw’s development
of one of the earliest list processing languages (IPL) and an early interactive,
time sharing program, the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS). The collection also
contains printed material on the RAND Corporation and the evolution of the artificial
intelligence and electronic computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition
there is biographical material documenting Shaw’s personal interests,
family, and academic career.
Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. archivescenter@si.edu
202-633-3270
www.americanhistory.si.edu/archives
Collection Number: AC0580
Processing Note: Processed by Brian Keough, August 1997; supervised
by Alison Oswald and Craig Orr, archivists.
Acknowledgement Statement: Our sincere thanks to Mr. Morton
Bernstein, who kindly contributed to the editing of the administrative/biographical
history.
© 2007 by the Smithsonian Institution. All rights reserved.
 Information for users of
the collection
Conditions Governing Access: The collection
is open for research use.
Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use: Copyright
held by the Smithsonian Institution. Collection items available
for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees
concerning copyright restrictions. Reproduction permission from
Archives Center: fees for commercial use.
Preferred Citation: [Title and date of item],
John Clifford Shaw Papers, Archives Center, National Museum of
American History, box number X, folder number XX, digital file
number XXXXXXXX
In-depth information about the collection
- Administrative/biographical history
Scope and content
System of arrangement
Access points
Container listing
John Clifford Shaw (1922-1991) was born in Southern California.
Shaw went to Fullerton High School, the same high school as Richard
Nixon. Shaw’s English teacher was Nixon’s high school
debate team coach. Shaw attended Fullerton Junior College from
1939 until February 1943. At the same time, he worked as a timekeeper
at the Douglas Aircraft Company, where he was responsible for
time-card calculations and reports. He served in the U.S. Navy
for three years during World War II as an aircraft navigator in
the 4th Emergency Rescue Squadron in Iwo Jima, Japan and as a
navigation instructor. Shaw returned to California in 1947 and
began working for the Beneficial Standard Life Insurance Company
as an assistant to the actuary, compiling actuarial calculations
of premium rates, reserve liabilities, and annual reports. Shaw
and his wife Marian had four children: Doug (b. 1948), David (b.
1950), Donna (b. 1952), and John (b. 1962). By 1948, Shaw received
his Bachelor’s degree in Mathematics from UCLA and in 1950
joined the newly formed RAND Corporation as a mathematician.
The RAND Corporation evolved during the years after World War
II amidst the escalating Cold War. Project RAND was originally
carried out under a contract with the Douglas Aircraft Company.
RAND was incorporated in May 1948. RAND, a California nonprofit
corporation, was one of the earliest Cold War “think tanks”
that functioned as an interdisciplinary research and development
facility; it received large sums of money from the Air Force and
Atomic Energy Commission. Throughout the 1950s, other agencies
such as the Department of Defense, the Atomic Energy Commission,
and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) solicited
scientific and foreign policy research from RAND. During Shaw’s
tenure (1950-1971), money flowed into RAND and enabled many scientists
and researchers, including Shaw and his colleagues in the Math
and Numerical Analysis Department, to explore new avenues of discovery.
Shaw’s early work at RAND involved administrative matters,
such as improving the processes of company management through
automation of the computation and calculation techniques. This
work included collaboration with Allen Newell on a radar simulator.
In the mid-1950s, Newell and Shaw, and later Dr. Herbert Simon
of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, formed the team known
by the mid-1950s in the artificial intelligence field as NSS (Newell,
Shaw, and Simon). The NSS team broke much ground in the field
of artificial intelligence, programming languages, computer simulation
of human problem solving, and man-machine communication. The radar
simulator project involved studying how humans made decisions
and whether one could design a program that could simulate human
decision-making. While Newell and Simon concentrated on the human
behavior aspect, Shaw focused on creating a programming language
that would implement Simon and Newell’s concepts.
When Shaw began working in 1950, RAND was using six IBM 604 calculators
to satisfy its scientific computing needs. In the early 1950s,
RAND decided that it needed more computational power to accomplish
projects for the Air Force and decided to build a Princeton-type
computer named JOHNNIAC, after computer designer John von Neumann.
The Princeton Class computer was considered state-of-the-art and
was running at RAND by the first half of 1953. William Gunning
was the project leader and Shaw worked on the selection of the
instruction set and the design of the operator’s console.
The JOHNNIAC became the basis for Shaw’s work on conversational
time-sharing in the 1960s.
During the early 1950s, the dynamic of the innovative process
was at work as Shaw and Newell in California, and Simon in Pittsburgh,
were theorizing about human decision making, programming languages,
and how computers could be manipulated to process information
more productively. Air Force funding enabled Shaw and his colleague’s
considerable intellectual and academic freedom to explore various
hypotheses. In the mid-1950s, NSS began forming the theoretical
basis for what they called Complex Information Processing (C.I.P.).
C.I.P was the basis for the three main computer programs developed
by NSS: the Chess Program, Logic Theorist (LT), and the General
Problem Solver (GPS). By 1954, Shaw’s focus was on utilizing
the power of the JOHNNIAC to develop a viable language that could
simulate human behavior.
In early 1954, Newell left RAND for Pittsburgh to work with Simon;
Shaw remained at RAND. The NSS team focused on creating programs
that would enable a machine to exhibit intelligent behavior and
“think” like a human. Chess and the Logic Theorist
(LT) were the first programs that evolved from their work. Shaw
dealt with the programming aspects, as Simon devoted his time
to human thinking processes for chess, logic, and problem solving.
Newell, who was still employed by RAND, was the middle man who
worked both in programming and human behavior. He flew back to
California every couple of months in 1954 and 1955 to confer with
Shaw. Because of language limitations, the chess program was temporarily
put aside as NSS decided to finish the LT. Known as IPL (Information
Processing Language), the language developed by Shaw was one of
the first list processing languages. Through experimentation with
assemblers, compilers, and interpreters, Shaw developed list processing
sequences that allowed the computer to arrange and store data
more effectively. The effectiveness stemmed from links that formed
the lists. From a storage point of view, lists were inefficient.
Shaw translated Simon and Newell’s ideas into IPL. The IPL
interpreter translated the IPL list processing statements into
machine language and decision making into a machine language.
Although not specifically programmed so, one of LT’s innovative
characteristics was that it proved mathematical theorems from
Whitehead and Russell’s Principia Mathematica,
including a proof from Theorem 2.85 that the authors had missed.
This was the most fascinating aspect of the program because LT
was not programmed to find alternative proofs.
The NSS team’s work on the LT was completed by the end
of 1955, and it perfected the program language in the winter and
spring of 1956. LT was one of the earliest programs to investigate
the use of heuristics in problem solving. It was capable of discovering
and working out proofs for theorems in symbolic logic. In the
summer of 1956, NSS presented the LT program to the artificial
intelligence community at the Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence
Conference. Relatively unknown at the time, NSS excited the conference
with the LT and the possibilities it opened in the study of programming
languages and artificial intelligence.
The NSS team continued to focus on developing artificial intelligence.
By 1957, NSS had constructed the General Problem Solver (GPS)
program that attempted to demonstrate various human thinking processes
in a variety of environments. At RAND and Carnegie Tech, studies
were conducted that had human subjects think aloud in hopes of
identifying human problem solving techniques and simulating them
in GPS. NSS codified some human problem solving techniques such
as means-end analysis, planning, and trial and error. Through
the end of the 1950s, NSS produced improved versions of the IPL
language and studied heuristic methods of decision making.
By 1960, when the JOHNNIAC was of insufficient computing power
to support the level of computation needed, and IPL had been reprogrammed
for the IBM 7090, List Processing (LISP), a high-level programming
language had overtaken IPL as the language of choice for Artificial
Intelligence research. Shaw’s interests had shifted towards
attempting to simplify the use of computers for all types of computer
users. Simon and Newell continued to study how they could simulate
human cognitive processes on a computer. Until this point, a user
would have to be adequately trained in programming or need assistance
from a programmer to use a computer like JOHNNIAC. Shaw was interested
in programming the JOHNNIAC so RAND staff could utilize the computer
for small as well as large scientific computations. The JOHNNIAC
was available for experimental research projects because RAND
owned a newer IBM 7090 (acquired in 1960) which handled the bulk
of RAND’s production computing load. Although JOHNNIAC was
no longer state-of-the-art by this time, its major appeal was
its reliability and capability for experimentation.
These factors were the impetus for the initiation of the JOHNNIAC
Open-Shop System (JOSS) project in November 1960. JOSS was intended
to be an easy to use, on-line, time sharing system. The JOSS research,
conducted under the Information Processor Project, was formalized
in 1959 as part of the RAND Computer Science Department and was
heavily funded by the Air Force. The innovative character of JOSS
was in the design of the list processing language, the ease of
use for the non-programmer, its remote access capabilities, the
establishment of an interactive environment between user and computer,
and the capability for RAND scientists and engineers to use the
computer without an intermediary programmer. It was hoped that
the JOSS project would bridge the communication gap between man
and machine. JOSS’s user language achieved this goal. It
featured a small set of English verbs and algebraic symbols which
did not need a programmer as intermediary between user and computer.
During 1961-1962, Shaw selected the character set that would be
used to write JOSS programs, its syntax, and grammar. The conversational
environment included a Model B IBM Electric Typewriter. Tom Ellis
and Mal Davis directed the hardware configurations and Ike Hehama,
Allen Newell, and Keith Uncapher participated in the project discussions
with Shaw.
The very limited JOSS experiments on the JOHNNIAC began in May
1963, with five consoles, one connected to the JOHNNIAC and four
others located in the offices of various RAND staff. By June,
a schedule of operations was in place and by January 1964, JOSS
was fully implemented. The use of JOSS by RAND staff was higher
than expected as users taught other users how to run the system.
However, Shaw and the other designers worried that JOHNNIAC’s
hardware placed limitations on speed and storage which might taint
the evaluation of JOSS. In July 1964, a second version of JOSS
was proposed on a more powerful computer. C.L. Baker was named
project head, and Shaw focused on developing the programming language
for JOSS II.
After accepting numerous bids to replace JOHNNIAC, a contract
was signed with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) promising
the installation of a PDP-6 computer and thirty consoles at RAND.
The installation was completed by October 31, 1965. At the Fall
Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas in December 1965, the first
demonstration of remote use of JOSS II was given. JOHNNIAC was
retired on February 18, 1966, with Willis Ware delivering a eulogy
and Shaw loading a final JOSS I program. By the end of 1966, JOSS
II was available to users 24 hours a day, seven days a week on
the new PDP-6/JOSS computer, which had thirty times the speed
and five times the storage capacity as the JOHNNIAC version. In
April 1967, the maintenance and improvement of JOSS II was transferred
from the development group to a small staff under G.W. Armending.
In 1971, at age 49, Shaw left the RAND Corporation.
In 1971, Shaw took a one-year appointment as a Research Associate
in the Information Science Department at the California Institute
of Technology. In 1972, he began working as a consultant which
he continued for the rest of his professional career. Much of
his work in the 1970s and 1980s consisted of formulating new ideas
on operations research, video games, man-machine interfaces, interactive
computer systems, time-sharing, information architecture design,
and artificial intelligence. During the 1980s, Shaw also became
more involved in church-related activities.
Shaw’s work on creating the Information Processing Language
in the 1950s and the JOSS program in the 1960s were the two major
contributions he made to the fields of programming and artificial
intelligence. His IPL-I programming language is one of the earliest
examples of list processing languages now in widespread use. The
JOSS program was one of the first easy-to use, remotely accessible,
interactive programs that allowed non-programmers to utilize the
power of a computer
The John Clifford Shaw Papers contain reports, research notes,
correspondence, memoranda, and diagrams documenting Shaw’s
development of one of the earliest list processing languages (IPL)
and an early interactive, time sharing program, the JOHNNIAC Open
Shop System (JOSS). The collection also contains printed material
on the RAND Corporation and the evolution of the artificial intelligence
and electronic computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition,
there is biographical material documenting Shaw’s personal
interests, family, and academic career.
The collection is arranged chronologically into five series.
Series 1, Shaw’s Career at Rand, 1950-1971,
documents his most significant work. The subseries are arranged
by specific projects and illustrate his pioneering work on programming
languages, interactive time-sharing systems, heuristic problem
solving, logic programming, stored programs, and artificial intelligence.
This work included his role in the development of the JOHNNIAC
computer and programs such as the Logic Theorist (LT), General
Problem Solver (GPS), and the JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System (JOSS).
The materials include technical reports, research notes, correspondence,
memorandum, coding sequences, and system tests. In addition, there
are reports documenting the collaborative nature of the NSS team’s
work on human problem solving, computer simulation of human thinking,
and complex information processing. The subject files in Series
1 document the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) role in
the JOSS research and other work done by Shaw.
Series 2, Rand Environment, 1951-1986, is arranged
into three subseries containing technical reports that document
other computer related research being conducted at RAND during
Shaw’s tenure. These materials are not directly related
to his work, including reports documenting defense related research.
The series contains memoranda and correspondence illustrating
the internal workings and daily operations at RAND from 1950 to
1971 and various sets of annual reports, progress reports, and
newsletters from 1960 to 1971. In addition, there are historical
materials commemorating RAND anniversaries, profiles of the company,
and indexes to RAND publications and abstracts.
Series 3, Computer Industry, 1947-1973, consists
of printed matter that documents developments at other institutions
and companies engaged in artificial intelligence and programming
research. The printed matter includes reports, manuals, brochures,
and reprints of articles about research by other institutions,
companies, and individuals. Also, there are materials from trips,
conferences and seminars attended by Shaw.
Series 4, Consulting Work, 1972-1990, comprises
Shaw’s work after he left RAND in 1971. It consists of reports
and reprints from companies and institutions for which Shaw worked
or from those he saw as potential clients. Of particular interest
are the research notes, on note cards and 8.5” x 11”
paper that illuminate Shaw’s ideas and thoughts regarding
artificial intelligence and programming languages during this
period.
Series 5, Biographical Information, 1933-1993,
consists of printed matter regarding Shaw’s life and accomplishments.
It contains resumes, list of publications and lectures, salary
history, and the outline for a book on JOSS. Material on Shaw’s
personal life includes information about his family, personal
correspondence with Herbert Simon, Allen Newell and his wife,
Marian, Chuck Baker, Edward Feigenbaum, and correspondence from
authors requesting information or comment on future publications.
Additionally, there are reprints and clippings that reveal Shaw’s
personal interests in political issues such as the Pentagon Papers,
Watergate, the making of the hydrogen bomb, and Star Wars Defense
Technology.
- Series 1: Shaw’s Career at Rand,
1950-1971
- Subseries A, JOHNNIAC, 1950-1968
Subseries B, Logic Therorist [See also Complex Information Processing],
1956-1963
Subseries C, General Problem Solver (G.P.S.) and Heuristic Problem
Solving, 1955-1967
Subseries D, Chess Program, 1954-1973
Subseries E, Complex Information Processing (C.I.P.), 1953-1972
Subseries F, Information Processing Languages (IPL), 1956-1977
Subseries G, JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS), 1959-1977
Subseries H, Subject Files, 1954-1971
- Series 2: RAND Environment, 1948-1986
- Subseries A, Related Papers and Reports (RM-Series), 1951-1972
Subseries B, Reports and Papers—General, 1949-1971
Subseries C, RAND Material, 1948-1988
- Series 3: State of the Computer Industry,
1946-1973
- Series 4: Consulting Work, 1972-1989
- Series 5: Biographical Information, 1933-1993
Subjects/Topical:
Programming languages (electronic computers) -- 1950-70
Iph (Computer Program Language)
GPS (General Problem Solver)
Problem Solving—Data processing
List processing (electronic computers)
Job Control Language (Computer program language)
Heuristic programming
Logic programming
Logic machines
Time-sharing computer systems
On-line data processing
Computational linguistics
Computer industry—1950-1980—United States
Mathematical models
Computer Industry—1950-1980—Soviet Union
Decision making—mathematical models
Computers—military applications
Computer programmers
Mathematicians
System analysts
Subjects/Names:
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
Association for Computing Machinery
Dartmouth College
Digital Equipment Corporation
IBM (International Business Machines)
Massachusetts General Hospital
RAND Corporation
UCRL (University of California Radiation Lab)
Form/Genre:
Correspondence—1950-2000
Diagrams
Memorandums—1950-1980
Notes—1950-1980
Technical reports—1950-1980
| Box |
Folder |
|
| |
|
SERIES
1: SHAW’S CAREER AT RAND, 1950-1971 |
| |
|
Subseries A: JOHNNIAC,
1950-1968 |
| |
|
Reports, 1955-1968 |
| 1 |
1 |
Programming Manual, July 1955 |
| |
2 |
Operators Manual, March 1956 |
| |
3 |
Floating-Point Interpretive System,
August 1958 |
| |
4 |
Easy Fox, 1958-1961 |
| |
5 |
Assembler, 1962, 1964 |
| |
6 |
JOHNNIAC Manifesto, 1958 |
| |
7 |
JOHNNIAC Eulogy, 1966 |
| |
8 |
History of JOHNNIAC, 1968 |
| 59 |
1 |
Tentative List of JOHNNIAC orders,
No date |
| |
O/S Fldr. 1 |
JOHNNIAC Block Diagram, 1953 |
| |
O/S Fldr. 2 |
Logical Flow Diagram for JOHNNIAC
Control, 1953 |
| 1 |
9 |
Memorandum and Notes, Console,
1952-1958 [See also box 53] |
| |
10 |
Memorandum and Notes, Procedures
for Operation, 1955-1960 |
| |
11 |
Memorandum and Notes, Printer,
1956-1957 |
| |
12 |
Memorandum and Notes, Programming
Files (J-Files),1955-1959 |
| 2 |
1-3 |
Memorandum and Notes, Programming
Files (J-Files),1955-1959 |
| |
4 |
Memorandum and Notes, JOHNNIAC
Simplified Systems, 1955 |
| |
5 |
Memorandum and Notes, Magnetic
Tape Storage, 1955 |
| |
6 |
Memorandum and Notes, 701 Assembly
program, 1955 |
| |
7 |
Memorandum and Notes, 701 Library
Programs, [1955?] |
| |
8 |
Procedures Staff Memos, 1953-1954 |
| |
9 |
Operators Hours and Scheduling,
1953 |
| |
|
Subseries B: Logic Theorist
[See also Complex Information Processing], 1956-1963 |
| 3 |
1-3 |
Reports, 1956-1958, 1963 |
| |
4-7 |
Notes, 1956-1957 |
| |
|
Subseries C: General Problem
Solver (G.P.S.) and Heuristic Problem Solving, 1955-1967 |
| 4 |
1-9 |
Reports, 1955-1967 |
| 5 |
1-2 |
Rough Draft of Human Problem
Solving, 1967 |
| |
3-5 |
Coding Experiments [Thinking Aloud],
1957-1961 |
| |
6 |
Programming Sequences, Printouts,
[1956-1958?] |
| |
|
Subseries D: Chess Program,
1954-1973 |
| 6 |
1-4 |
Reports, 1954-1964, 1973 |
| |
5-7 |
Memos, Notes and Correspondence,
1954 |
| |
8 |
Demonstrations, 1959-1960, 1966 |
| |
9 |
Chess Log, 1958 |
| 7 |
1-4 |
Programming Sequences Printouts,
1959-1960 |
| |
5 |
Chess Board, No date |
| |
|
Subseries E: Complex Information
Processing (C.I.P.) [Also contains material on Heuristic Problem
Solving], 1953-1972 |
| |
6-8 |
Reports, 1953-1957 |
| 8 |
|
Reports, 1958 |
| 9 |
1-6 |
Reports, 1961-1972 |
| |
7-8 |
Notes, 1957-1961 |
| 57 |
1-2 |
Patent Files (IPL, RAND Tablet),
1959-1968 |
| |
|
Subseries F: Information
Processing Languages (IPL), 1956-1977 |
| 10 |
1-8 |
Reports, 1957-1967 |
| 11 |
1-5 |
Notes/Memos, 1956-1960 |
| |
6-7 |
Teletype log of online conversations
between Shaw and Newell, 1960 |
| 12 |
1-4 |
Programming Sequences, Printouts,
1956-1959 |
| |
5 |
Historical, 1971, 1977 |
| |
|
Subseries G: JOHNNIAC Open-Shop
System (JOSS), 1959-1977 |
| |
6-9 |
Reports, 1961-1965 |
| 13 |
1-7 |
Reports, 1966-1967 |
| 14 |
1-4 |
Reports, 1967-1970 |
| |
5 |
User Guides, 1967, 1970 |
| |
6 |
Manuals, 1964-1965, 1974-1975 |
| 15 |
1 |
JOSS Notebook (User Manual), August
1967 |
| |
2 |
JOSS: Console Design (Report),
1967 |
| |
3 |
JOSS Notes, No date |
| 16 |
1-5 |
Memos and Correspondence-General,
1962-1970 |
| |
6 |
Memos and Correspondence-Air Force
Contract, 1965-1970 (see Also Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)) |
| |
7 |
Memos and Correspondence-IBM Proposal
and Symposium, 1964-1965 |
| |
8 |
Memos and Correspondence-Time-sharing
Systems, 1963-1964 |
| |
9 |
Memos and Correspondence-Japanese,
visit from, 1967 |
| |
10 |
Memos and Correspondence-Last days
of Joss, 1966 |
| |
11 |
Memos and Correspondence-Trademark/Copyright,
1967-1970 |
| 17 |
1 |
Memos and Correspondence-JOSS 360/Network |
| |
2 |
Memos and Correspondence-Character
Sets and Keyboards, 1969 |
| |
O/S Fldr. 3 |
JOSS Language Poster Precis, 1967 |
| 17 |
3-4 |
Research Notes and Memos-General,
1960-1964 |
| |
5 |
Research Notes and Memos-JOSS Log,
1962-1966 |
| |
6 |
Research Notes and Memos-H-Notes
(Hardware), 1959-1970 |
| |
7 |
Research Notes and Memos-FJCC (Fall
Joint Computer Conference), 1964 |
| |
8 |
Research Notes and Memos-Evaluation,
1964-1966 |
| |
9 |
Research Notes and Memos-JOSS II,
1964-1967 |
| |
10 |
Research Notes and Memos-Joss Notes/Functions,
1961-1963 |
| 18 |
1-5 |
Systems Tests and Programming Sequences,
1962-1970 |
| |
6 |
Video, 1964 |
| |
7 |
Photographs, 1964-1967 |
| |
8 |
Clippings, 1960-1970 |
| |
9 |
Historical, 1970-1977 |
| |
|
Subseries H, Subject Files,
1954-1971 |
| 19 |
1 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) Memos-General, 1962-1969 |
| |
2-3 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-Notes, General, 1965-1971 |
| |
4 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-Artificial Intelligence, 1962-1971 |
| |
5 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-ISPL (Info. Science Program Language),1970-1971 |
| |
6 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-List Processing, 1966-1968 |
| |
7 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-Network, 1970-1971 |
| |
8 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-Program Organization, 1970-1971 |
| 20 |
1 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-Translator, 1966-1967 |
| |
2 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)-User Language, 1965-1968 |
| |
3-4 |
Artificial Intelligence [Notes
on control schemes, agents, language, judgment, representation,
graphics], 1968-1970 |
| |
5 |
Bibliographies, 1960-1970 |
| |
6 |
CAL and BLISS (JOSS-like systems),
1966-1970 |
| |
7 |
CASAP (Computer Assisted Specification
of Algorithmic Processes), 1968-1969 |
| |
8 |
Clippings (DOT and FAA), 1968,1969 |
| |
9 |
Demonstrations (Graphic Input and
Stylus Tablet), 1963 |
| |
10 |
Giant Computers/Brains, 1960-1961 |
| |
11 |
Glossaries, 1954-1964 |
| 21 |
1 |
IC 9000 and ISPL Notes, 1970 |
| |
2 |
JCL (Job Control Language), 1969 |
| |
3-7 |
Massachusetts General Hospital
Computer Project (MUMPS), 1964-1979 |
| 22 |
1 |
Massachusetts General Hospital
Computer Project (MUMPS), 1964-1979 |
| |
2-3 |
Mathematical Model/NIH, 1969-1970 |
| |
4 |
Microprogramming, 1956, 1960 |
| |
5 |
New York Fire Department and New
York Police Department, 1968-1969 |
| |
6 |
Program Compatibility, 1967-1968 |
| |
7 |
Project for the Advancement of
Coding Techniques (PACT), 1954-1959 |
| |
8 |
Security Project, 1971 |
| |
9 |
Timesharing, 1960s |
| 23 |
1-3 |
University of California Radiation
Laboratory (UCRL), 1954-1955 |
| |
O/S Fldr. 4 |
University of California Radiation
Laboratory (UCRL), 1954-1955 |
| 23 |
4 |
Critical Path Method, 1969 |
| |
|
SERIES
2: RAND ENVIRONMENT, 1948-1986 |
| |
|
Subseries A, Related Papers
and Reports (RM-Series), 1951-1972 |
| 24 |
1 |
Mathematical Tables for Desk Calculators,
1951 |
| |
2 |
Monte Carlo Program, 1954 |
| |
3 |
Digital Computing, 1954 |
| |
4 |
Machine Translation, 1957-1958 |
| |
5 |
Soviet Cybernetics, 1961 |
| |
6 |
Information Systems, 1962 |
| |
7 |
Computational Algorithms, 1962 |
| 25 |
1 |
Programming Languages, 1962 |
| |
2 |
Military Applications, 1962 |
| |
3 |
Programming Applications, 1962-1963 |
| |
4 |
Computer Simulation, 1963 |
| |
5 |
Data Systems, 1962 |
| |
6 |
Military Application, 1963 |
| 26 |
1 |
Military Applications, 1962-1963 |
| |
2 |
Soviet Cybernetics, 1963 |
| |
3 |
Assembly Systems, 1963 |
| |
4-5 |
Military Applications, 1963-1964 |
| |
6 |
List Processing, 1963 |
| |
7 |
Computational Linguistics, 1964,
1966 |
| |
8 |
Character Recognition, 1964 |
| 27 |
1 |
Complex Information Processing,
1964 |
| |
2 |
Graphical Communication, 1964-1965 |
| |
3 |
Automated Space Checkout Systems,
1964-1965 |
| |
4 |
Military Applications, 1965 |
| |
5 |
Computational Linguistics, 1965-1966 |
| |
6 |
Programming Languages, 1965 |
| 28 |
1 |
Software Research, 1965 |
| |
2 |
Man-Machine Communications, 1964,
1966 |
| |
3 |
Scientific Application of Computers,
1964, 1966 |
| |
4 |
Data Retrieval and Storage, 1965 |
| |
5 |
Computational Linguistics, 1966 |
| |
6 |
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 1966, 1970 |
| |
7 |
Character Recognition, 1964, 1966 |
| |
8 |
Military Applications, 1965, 1967 |
| |
9 |
Data Retrieval and Storage, 1966-1967 |
| 29 |
1 |
Soviet Cybernetics, 1967 |
| |
2 |
Man-Machine Communications, 1968 |
| |
3 |
ARPA, 1969-1970 |
| |
4 |
Air Force Space Mission, 1970-1980 |
| |
|
Subseries B, Reports and
Papers, General, 1949-1971 |
| |
5-6 |
IBM Setups, 1949-1950 |
| |
7 |
Rational Approaches in High-Speed
Computing, 1949 |
| |
8 |
Digital Computing Report, 1953 |
| |
9 |
Assembler, 1956-1958 |
| 30 |
1-2 |
Heuristic Problem Solving and Programming,
1958-1959 |
| |
3 |
Control and Support Systems, Air
Force, 1959-1960 |
| |
4 |
Intelligent Machines, 1960-1961 |
| |
5 |
Programming Languages, 1961 |
| |
6 |
R.V. Jones, Lecture by, 1962 |
| |
7 |
Games on a Computer, 1965 |
| |
8 |
Analysis for Military Decisions,
1966 |
| 31 |
1 |
Future of Computers, 1966-1967 |
| |
2 |
Soviet Cybernetics, 1967-1968 |
| |
3 |
Data Automation, 1967-1968 |
| |
4 |
Systems Analysis and Policy Planning:
Applications in Defense, 1968 |
| |
5 |
Programming Languages, 1968-1969 |
| |
6 |
Computing Power and Dynamics, 1967,
1969 |
| |
7 |
Computer Research at RAND, 1970 |
| |
8 |
Soviet Cybernetics, 1968-1971 |
| |
9 |
R.V. Jones, 1971 |
| |
|
Subseries C, RAND Material,
1948-1988 |
| 32 |
1-6 |
Internal RAND Memos, 1948-1971 |
| 33 |
1 |
Index of Publications, 1962 |
| |
2 |
Supplement to Index, 1963 |
| |
3 |
Index, 1968-1974 |
| |
4 |
Cumulative Index, 1963-1974 |
| |
5 |
Index, 1978-1980 |
| 34 |
1-5 |
Correspondence, 1961-1968 |
| |
6-7 |
Annual Reports, 1965-1969 |
| 35 |
1-4 |
Historical, 1951-1988 |
| |
5 |
40th Anniversary History, 1988 |
| 59 |
2 |
RAND Profile in Time Magazine,
1959 |
| 36 |
1 |
Grant Applications, 1971 |
| |
2-4 |
Newsletters, 1956-1970 |
| 57 |
3 |
Newsletters, RAND Management, 1970-1971 |
| 36 |
5-6 |
Progress Reports, 1960-1961, 1966-1968 |
| 37 |
1 |
Staff Directories, 1971-1972 |
| |
2 |
Clippings, No date |
| 57 |
4 |
Ephemera-RAND Envelopes, No date |
| |
|
SERIES
3: STATE OF THE INDUSTRY, 1946-1973 |
| 38 |
1-2 |
Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM), 1953, 1965-1974 |
| 59 |
4 |
Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM), Special Publication, 1971 |
| 38 |
3 |
Burroughs, 1962, 1966, 1979 |
| |
4-5 |
California Institute of Technology,
1953, 1963-1971 |
| 39 |
1-2 |
Carnegie Institute of Technology,
1966-1982 |
| |
3 |
Dartmouth College, 1955, 1959-1965 |
| |
4 |
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
1963-1970 |
| |
5 |
IBM, 1948-1961 |
| 40 |
1-2 |
IBM, 1964-1972 |
| |
3-5 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(M.I.T.), 1953-1966 |
| 41 |
1-2 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(M.I.T.), 1960-1969 |
| |
3-4 |
University of Pennsylvania, 1946 |
| |
5 |
Stanford Artificial Intelligence
Project, 1963-1968 |
| 42 |
1-3 |
Stanford Artificial Intelligence
Project, 1968-1973 |
| |
4-8 |
System Development Corporation
(SDC), 1960-1970 |
| 43 |
1-3 |
System Development Corporation
(SDC), 1965-1971 |
| |
4-5 |
Miscellaneous, 1955-1960 |
| 44 |
1-2 |
Miscellaneous, 1965-1973 |
| |
3-6 |
Reprints, 1946-1961 |
| 45 |
1-5 |
Reprints, 1962-1970 |
| 46 |
1-5 |
Reprints, 1970-1975 |
| 47 |
1-3 |
Trips and Seminars, 1953-1972 |
| 59 |
2 |
Time-sharing Supplement from Computer
World, March 25, 1970 |
| |
|
SERIES
4: CONSULTING WORK, 1972-1989 |
| 48 |
1 |
Abacus Programming Corporation,
1977-1979 |
| |
2-3 |
American Airlines, 1972 |
| |
4-7 |
Bally, 1975-1982 |
| 49 |
1-2 |
California Institute of Technology
(Jet Propulsion Lab), 1972-1973 |
| |
3 |
CLINFO, 1973 |
| |
4-6 |
Information Automation, 1973-1974 |
| |
7 |
Information Science Institute (ISI),
1972-1974 |
| 50 |
1-4 |
Information Science Institute (ISI),
1972-1974 |
| |
5 |
PeCos - Personal Computers, 1979 |
| |
6 |
Personal Computing, 1977-1980 |
| |
7 |
PROMISE, 1973-1975 |
| 51 |
1 |
RAND, 1972-1973 |
| |
2-3 |
Clippings (Artificial intelligence,
code-breaking, calculators) 1980s |
| |
4-6 |
Notes, 1971-1976 |
| 52 |
1-5 |
Notes, 1977-1989 |
| 53 |
|
Note Cards, 1976-1988 |
| 54 |
|
Note Cards, 1976-1988 |
| |
|
SERIES
5: BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION, 1933-1993 |
| 55 |
1 |
Resumes, salary history, benefits,
list of publications and lectures, 1970s |
| |
2 |
Personal log, 1969 |
| |
3 |
Job search, late 1970s, 1980s |
| |
4 |
Actuarial files, 1947-1950 |
| |
5 |
Herbert Simon and Allen Newell,
biographical, 1958-1993 |
| |
6 |
History of JOSS, outline for possible
book, 1978 |
| |
7 |
Transcripts, applications, commencement
program for Fullerton Junior College and UCLA, late 1940s |
| |
8 |
Personal and Family clippings about
children's achievements, driver's license, holiday cards from
family, Boy Scout material, 1945-1988 |
| 59 |
3 |
California License plate titled
JOSS I, 1977 |
| 55 |
9-10 |
Personal Correspondence, 1960s-1980s
[Mostly from C.L. and Alice Baker, Herbert and Dorothy Simon,
Ed and Nancy Feigenbaum, Allen Newell's wife, Paul Armer] |
| 56 |
1-2 |
Requests for comments re: various
publications from Jean Sammett, Shirley Marks, H. Simon, Pamela
McCorduck, Noah Prywes, Harry Gray, and George Miller, 1959-1990 |
| |
3 |
Church materials, 1965; 1984 |
| |
4-6 |
Reprints/Notes/Clippings Areas
of interest to Shaw [professional and political, including
RAND, Pentagon Papers, Vietnam, making of the H-Bomb, artificial
intelligence, and notes titled "It's a Small World that correlates
people he knew and their involvement in political scandals],
1958-1983 |
| |
7 |
Newsletter-Charles Babbage Institute,
1980-1990 |
| 58 |
1 |
Simon, Herbert, and James G. March.
Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1958. First edition,
signed by Simon. |
| |
2 |
Simon, Herbert. The New Science
of Management Decision. New York: Harper, 1960. First
edition, signed by Simon. |
| |
3 |
Simon, Herbert. The Shape of
Automation for Men and Management. New York: Harper and
Row, 1965. First edition, signed by Simon. |
| |
4 |
McCorduck, Pamela. Machines
Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects
of Artificial Intelligence. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
and Company, 1979. |
|
